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1.
Test preparation and goal definition
Goal 1: Verify the multi-IP connectivity stability of the high-defense server under normal and attack traffic.Objective 2: Measure the actual delay of IP switching from primary IP to backup IP (including ARP/routing/service layer recovery).
Objective 3: Evaluate the impact of different protection strategies (blackhole/cleaning/local protection) on switching delay and packet loss.
Test environment constraints: All tests are conducted in controlled laboratories or within the scope allowed by the cloud provider, and no unauthorized stress testing is allowed.
Dependent tools: ping/traceroute/iperf3/tcpdump/hping3/ss/iptables/keepalived/haproxy, etc.
2.
Test environment and server configuration examples
Computer room location: Eastern United States (Ashburn POX) high-defense node, providing BGP nearby cleaning.Example host configuration: CPU 8-core Intel Xeon, memory 16GB, hard disk NVMe 200GB, bandwidth 1Gbps, traffic cleaning threshold 10Gbps.
Operating system: Debian 11 x86_64, kernel 5.10, network tools package installed (iproute2/net-tools/iperf3).
Network configuration: main IP 198.51.100.10/24, additional IP group 198.51.100.11–13 (multi-IP binding), use /32 alias or ip addr add binding.
High availability software: keepalived (VRRP), HAProxy (TCP/HTTP load), and enable black and white lists and rate limiting policies.
3.
Multi-IP stability testing method (detailed explanation of steps)
Step 1: Single IP continuous connectivity test, use ping -c 100 primary IP, record the packet loss rate and average RTT.Step 2: Ping all bound IPs in parallel (100 times for each IP), and compare the differences in packet loss and jitter.
Step 3: Use iperf3 to conduct a 60s TCP/UDP bandwidth test to observe the throughput stability under concurrent connections.
Step 4: Use tcpdump to capture packets locally on the server and verify whether there are any ICMP/ARP exceptions or concentrated packet loss time windows.
Step 5: In CDN or back-to-origin scenarios, switch back to the source IP and observe client connectivity, and record the possible impact of DNS TTL and CDN caching.
4.
IP switching delay measurement methods and data examples
Measurement point: Initiate monitoring from the test terminal (located in Hong Kong/Beijing/Los Angeles) at the same time to obtain the time zone difference.Method A: Switch the alias on the local network card (ip addr del/add), and use high-frequency ping (10ms interval) to record the time from the loss of the first reply to the recovery.
Method B: Use keepalived to simulate primary and secondary host failures, observe VIP drift and measure ARP refresh and session recovery time.
Method C: Trigger IP revocation or route change at the BGP/ISP level (requires supplier cooperation), and measure route convergence time as a reference for extreme scenarios.
Example measured data (from a controlled experiment): See table below.
| Test items | Hong Kong test end | Beijing test end | Los Angeles test end |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average RTT (ms) | 45 | 140 | 20 |
| Multi-IP packet loss rate (%) | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| Local alias switching recovery time | <1s | <1s | <1s |
| keepalived VIP drift (average) | 220ms | 250ms | 180ms |
| BGP route convergence (withdrawal) | ~10s–120s | ~10s–120s | ~5s–60s |
5.
Real case analysis and optimization suggestions
Case: An e-commerce company encountered a UDP amplification attack during Black Friday. It used US high-defense nodes for cleaning and enabled multi-IP backup.Observation: After enabling cleaning, the primary IP still loses packets for a short period of time under the cleaning policy; through fast local alias switching, traffic is migrated to the backup IP group, and the average service interruption time is reduced to about 300ms.
Configuration display: The affected host configuration is the same as above, the cleaning threshold is 20Gbps, HAProxy is used for layer 4 health check, keepalived heartbeat interval=1s, nopreempt.
Improvement suggestion 1: Use multi-point back-to-origin and off-site disaster recovery for key services to reduce the impact of single-point BGP revocation.
Improvement suggestion 2: Adjust keepalived to a shorter heartbeat and a smaller priority step, and cooperate with the ARP cache refresh script to reduce the VIP drift delay to 100–200ms.
Conclusion: For multi-IP management of US High Defense Server, combining local fast alias switching (switching within the subnet <1s) and VRRP-level hot backup (200–300ms) can keep services available in most scenarios; however, routing changes across ISP or BGP levels may still take several seconds to tens of seconds, which needs to be compensated for by CDN/multi-node redundancy.
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